64 AD
Following the Great Fire of Rome in July 64 AD, Emperor Nero needed a scapegoat to prevent unrest. He targeted the Christians, a small but growing sect that was already viewed with suspicion for their refusal to worship the emperor or Roman gods. Tacitus, the Roman historian, recorded that Christians were 'covered in the skins of wild animals and torn to pieces by dogs' and 'crucified' or 'set on fire to serve as nocturnal illuminations.'
This first imperial persecution established a pattern that would repeat throughout the centuries: Christians would be persecuted not for what they did to the state, but for what they refused to doβdeny Christ. The martyrs of this era became the foundational witnesses of the Church, their blood described by Tertullian as 'the seed of Christians.'
St. Peter was crucified upside down (considering himself unworthy to die as his Master), and St. Paul was beheaded during this persecution. Key Sources: Tacitus, Annals 15.44; CCC 759-760